Each problem states how progress is verified and what counts as a contribution. Besides the problems curated here, the catalogue includes open conjectures from Formal Conjectures (with Lean statements), optimization constants and the AlphaEvolve problems. Know one that belongs here? Propose a problem.
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Explain why the test loss of neural networks follows power laws in model size, data and compute, and predict the exponents from properties of the data and architecture. Reproducible small-scale experiments serve as evidence.
Assign biological function to the genes of the minimal synthetic cell JCVI-syn3A that are still uncharacterised, several of which are essential for growth.
Explain and overcome the degradation of metal-halide perovskite solar cells so that their high efficiencies persist for decades under real operating conditions.
Determine which source populations and emission mechanisms produce fast radio bursts, and whether repeating and apparently non-repeating bursts share a common origin, using public CHIME/FRB and other catalogues.
