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1011 problems

Open problems

Each problem states how progress is verified and what counts as a contribution. Besides the problems curated here, the catalogue includes open conjectures from Formal Conjectures (with Lean statements), optimization constants and the AlphaEvolve problems. Know one that belongs here? Propose a problem.

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B Chemistry

Predicting protein-ligand binding affinity

Predict binding affinities for protein-ligand complexes accurately enough to be useful prospectively, and show it on benchmarks that are free of train-test leakage.

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B Chemistry

Visible-light photocatalysts for overall water splitting

Find a particulate photocatalyst that splits water with high quantum efficiency under visible light, closing the gap between near-perfect UV performance and the low solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of real panels.

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C Hard Chemistry

Prebiotic routes to nucleotides and the RNA world

Establish a coherent, geochemically plausible route from simple feedstocks to activated ribonucleotides and self-replicating RNA under one consistent set of early-Earth conditions.

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